Frank A. Perret
1867 - 1943

 

Carnegie Institution Positions:

  • Geophysical Laboratory, research asscociate (1931 - 1943)

Frank Perret’s contributions helped to define volcanology in the the twentieth century. Yet, his early training and interests revolved around the development of electrical instruments for industrial applications.

After leaving the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, where he studied physics, Perret joined and helped to organize the Elektron Manufacturing Company, a small firm that developed and manufactured electric equipment. At Elektron, he invented the Perret electric motor.

In the early 1900’s, Perret went abroad to Italy for health related reasons, where he met Professor R. V. Matteucci, the Director of the Volcanological Laboratory of the Italian Government Observatory on Mount Vesuvius. Through this association, it is probable that Perret became increasingly interested in volcanology. With Professor Matteucci, Perret was given the opportunity to observe the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He continued to study the volcano for the next fifteen years.

(Above) Frank A. Perret.
 

According to Geophysical Laboratory staff member Mildred Giblin in her 1950 memorial to Perret, his monograph on Vesuvius was “the most graphic and complete account ever published on any volcanic eruption and its aftermath."

Perret’s volcanological studies were not limited to Mount Vesuvius. He continued his observations throughout the early 1900’s, visiting such sites as Stromboli and Etna in Italy, Messina in Sicily, Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Kilauea in the Hawaiian Islands, and Sakurashima in Japan.
 

(Above) Perret's diagram of the circulation of lava flow in the Halema’uma’u crater, 1913. Photograph from Perret, 1913b.

In 1909, Perret, Thomas A. Jaggar from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Professor Reginald A. Daly of Harvard visited Kilauea with the intention of creating a nearby permanent location for volcanological studies. The plan was set into action and by 1911, Jaggar and Perret established the first observation station on the rim of the Halema’uma’u crater. A year later, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory was built at the edge of the Kilauea caldera.

In January of 1912, Perret officially began his volcanological studies at Halema’uma’u from his observatory station. For more information about Perret's work at Kilauea, please see Braving Kilauea.

Perret’s expertise in volcanology did not go unnoticed. In the early 1910s, Arthur L. Day, director of the Geophysical Laboratory, expressed an interest in cooperative study. Though he was never an actual staff member of the Laboratory, Perret remained closely associated with the Carnegie Institution from this time until his death. He was officialy named a Research Associate in 1931 for the purpose of encouragement, financial aid, cooperative research, and publication. He maintained this position until his death in 1943. Throughout his lifetime, Perret published four major books on volcanology with the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

When Mt. Pelee erupted in 1929, Perret couldn't resist traveling to the site and analyzing the mountain's volcanic activity. While there, he opened the Musee Volcanologique in 1932 as a gift to the town. Perret intended the museum to serve as both a memorial and a volcano education center.
 

Perret permanently returned to the United States from his volcanological travels in 1940. Despite being seriously ill, he utterly refused to retire. Perret finally succumbed to sickness in 1943, while in the process of preparing data from his notebooks for publication. The book was finished by other investigators and was entitled Volcanological Observations.

Mildred Giblin commended Perret’s work by stating that the “scientific contributions of Mr. Perret are unique in that no other volcanologist had the time and opportunity to make so thorough and varied observations on so many types of active volcanoes. He was a daring and sagacious researcher, indefatigable in his quest for information. He was a proficient and discerning photographer, and his publications are freely illustrated with fine pictorial records."
 
References:
  • Giblin, Mildred, Frank Alvord Perret, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10, 191 - 195, 1950.
  • Perret, F. A., Volcanic research at Kilauea in the summer of 1911, American Journal of Science, 4th series, 36, 475 - 483, 1913b.
  • Yoder, H. S., Jr., Italian volcanology: Geophysical Laboratory contributions, 1905 - 1965, in Volcanoes and History, 707-734, Brigati, Genova, 1998.
Further Reading:
  • Perret, Frank, The Eruption of Mont Pelee 1929 - 1932, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 458, Washington, D. C., 1935.
  • Perret, Frank, Volcanological Observations, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 549, Washington, D. C., 1950.
  • Perret, Frank, What to expect of a volcano, Natural History, 39 (no. 2), 99 – 105, 1937.
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